A metal frame with downward-pointing spikes attached to boots for traction on ice and hard snow. Essential for glacier travel and ice climbing.

A low point or depression on a mountain ridge between two peaks, often used as a pass or route between valleys.

A long, narrow elevated crest of a mountain, typically with steep sides on both flanks. Ridges connect peaks and are common climbing routes.

The highest point of a mountain or hill; the topmost elevation that climbers aim to reach.

The degree to which a climber is exposed to a fall or the elements. High exposure means a long potential fall or vulnerability to wind and cold.

Climbing a mountain in a single push without pre-established camps or fixed ropes, carrying all supplies. Contrasted with expedition style.

The first successful climb to the summit of a mountain or the first completion of a new route. A defining achievement in mountaineering history.