A stack of stones used as a trail marker, especially above treeline or in areas without maintained paths.

A long, narrow elevated crest of a mountain, typically with steep sides on both flanks. Ridges connect peaks and are common climbing routes.

A low point or depression on a mountain ridge between two peaks, often used as a pass or route between valleys.

A broad, gently curved depression between two higher elevations, resembling the shape of a riding saddle. Wider and more gradual than a col.

A detailed map using contour lines to represent the three-dimensional shape of terrain on a flat surface, essential for mountain navigation.

A line on a topographic map connecting points of equal elevation. Closely spaced contour lines indicate steep terrain; widely spaced lines indicate gentle slopes.

A direction expressed in degrees from north (0–360), used to navigate between points. A compass bearing can guide travel through fog, whiteout, or darkness.

The starting point of a hiking trail, typically with parking, signage, and sometimes facilities like restrooms.