A long, narrow elevated crest of a mountain, typically with steep sides on both flanks. Ridges connect peaks and are common climbing routes.

A persistent body of dense ice that moves under its own weight, carving valleys and shaping mountain landscapes over millennia.

A low point or depression on a mountain ridge between two peaks, often used as a pass or route between valleys.

The highest point of a mountain or hill; the topmost elevation that climbers aim to reach.

An accumulation of rocks, sediment, and debris deposited by a glacier. Terminal, lateral, and medial moraines indicate past and present glacial activity.

A metal frame with downward-pointing spikes attached to boots for traction on ice and hard snow. Essential for glacier travel and ice climbing.

Climbing a mountain in a single push without pre-established camps or fixed ropes, carrying all supplies. Contrasted with expedition style.

A protected climbing route with permanent steel cables, rungs, and ladders fixed to the rock, allowing less experienced climbers to access vertical terrain.