The highest point of a mountain or hill; the topmost elevation that climbers aim to reach.

A metal frame with downward-pointing spikes attached to boots for traction on ice and hard snow. Essential for glacier travel and ice climbing.

A long, narrow elevated crest of a mountain, typically with steep sides on both flanks. Ridges connect peaks and are common climbing routes.

A multi-purpose mountaineering tool with a pick, adze, and spike, used for self-arrest, step-cutting, and anchoring on snow and ice.

The vertical distance above a reference point, typically sea level. Often used interchangeably with elevation but technically refers to height in the atmosphere.

An accumulation of rocks, sediment, and debris deposited by a glacier. Terminal, lateral, and medial moraines indicate past and present glacial activity.

A persistent body of dense ice that moves under its own weight, carving valleys and shaping mountain landscapes over millennia.